#spanner

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• Spanner: TrueTime, commit wait and external consistency, explained

  Nov 8, 2026 10 min read

  How Google Spanner orders transactions worldwide: TrueTime intervals, commit wait, Paxos groups, two-phase commit over Paxos, safe time and lock-free reads.

  • #distributed systems
  • #databases
  • #spanner
  • #consistency
  • #papers